Water, ponds, steams, waterfalls: Water is one of the most important garden elements. Traditional Japanese gardens always have water, either by pond or stream. Water could also be represented by white sand in dry rock gardens where water is not used. Large traditional gardens usually contain two or more irregularly shaped ponds connected by a channel or stream and cascade creating a miniature version of Japan`s famous mountain waterfalls. Buddhist geomancy is also used to determine how the ponds and streams are placed. This practice is an art and science to putting things in the place which will most likely attract good fortune.

Rocks and Sand: Rocks, sand, and gravel play an essential role in the visual effect of Japanese gardens. Their placement and shape can also represent and resemble important features in religious practice. For example, a vertical rock can represent Mount Horai which is the legendary home to the Eight Immortals, or Mount Sumeru of Buddhist teaching or a carp jumping out of the water while a flat rock can resemble the Earth. Sand & Gravel can be modeled after a beach or flowing river while rocks and water can represent Yin and Yang.

Trees and Flowers: Plant life also plays an essential role in traditional Japanese gardens as each plant is chosen according to aesthetic principles. Many plants are used to hide undesirable sights or used to serve as a backdrop to certain garden features creating a picturesque scene like a landscape painting or postcard. Flowers are also chosen by their season of flowering and trees are specifically chosen for their autumn colors. Many plants that are placed in the gardens hold symbolism as moss suggests that the garden is ancient and pines represent longevity. Lotuses are usually placed in gardens because they are sacred in Buddhist teachings.

Fish: Fish are usually used as a decorative element in gardens. The most common type of fish that exist in gardens are Koi. They are domesticated common carp that are selected and culled for their color.